Modularity

Why Standardisation Can Liberate Design

A study of classical Chinese gardens and modular systems arguing that standardisation, when properly structured, can support rather than suppress design.

The Modular Gene of the Canglang Pavilion: Insights from a Song Dynasty Garden's Construction System

A reflective essay on the modular intelligence embedded in the 11th-century Canglang Pavilion, and what it reveals about design freedom within structured systems.